Roadmap for nematode control strategies

What is the prevalence and incidence rate of anthelmintic resistance in nematode populations?
To reduce the use of AH by implementing integrated control with alternative solutions.
Can we use a targeted selective treatment (TST) scheme to slow selection of AH resistant strains at each farm?
Can copper oxide particles (COWP) be used in a sustainable approach for ruminant livestock?

Gathering information on the availability and use of AH in the different countries worldwide and gathering information on the status of AR and how this varies even within a season.
Establish if rotating anthelmintics delays the development of resistance.
Confirming what is the proportion of TST treated animals that may help to stop further development of AH resistance.

(a) Generate a user-friendly tool to determine FEC of animals to confirm whether a drug was effective or not.
(b) Use indices such as the happy factor®, FAMACHA© or the BCS to identify candidates for treatment and confirm with a pen side egg count tool to immediately implement TST schemes.
(c) Quick and reliable test to detect AR in the field
(d) Quick and reliable test to measure levels of refugia in fields.
(e) Can we obtain local susceptible nematode strains to implement management strategies to reverse the anthelmintic resistance status on a farm?

Development of new therapeutics.
Field studies of the integration of therapeutics in disease management strategies.
An effort to educate vets and farmers to obtain a yearly diagnosis of the efficacy of the drug used at the farm in the previous year.

Recently, it was found that if the use of multiple active AH is combined with “best practice parasite management,” based on avoiding overuse of anthelmintics, minimizing nematode challenge to susceptible animals, and maintaining a nematode population in refugia, can help delaying development of AR.
It has been confirmed that the use of AH drugs in a TST scheme may help stop further development of AH resistant strains in a farm by maintaining a high proportion GIN in refugia.
The use of COWP against H. contortus has been proven in sheep and goats with good levels of efficacy for preventive and curative objectives. However, Cu accumulation is evident and Cu contamination in the paddock needs to be considered.